Educational Law and Students with Disabilities Essay

Educational Law and Students with Disabilities - Essay Example This has been realized by the formulation of a number of legislation that made it mandatory to offer the same educational standards and facilities in all public schools for the disabled children. These legislations gave children protection under the law that acted as a safeguard to their right of education. This paper seeks to highlight educational law and students with disabilities. The article from the New Jersey Times by Erin Duffy/The Times of Trenton highlights the plight of Trenton school district’s Life Skills program in Daylight/Twilight High School. In the article, Duffy gives information pertaining to the situation regarding the plight of education for disabled children. She uses testimonies garnered from a member of staff at the institution who claims to have witnessed the below par educational practices with regard to the Life Skills program at the school. Of particular interest is the case of a disabled youth who is termed as problematic, which leads him to being punished by washing the hallways and washrooms during class time. Another example of student neglect is the case of a Liberian student who gets robbed nearly everyday by his classmates, and there has been no intervention from the teachers. The situation at the institution is further aggravated by the fact that there exists no set school curriculum to cater for the immediate learning requirements of the disabled children in the institution. According to Duffy’s source who goes by the name Deborah Downing Forston, there is cheating when it comes to what the teachers are supposed to teach. This is exemplified by her statements that these students are subjected to the same repetitive learning content everyday of the week throughout the term. Forston claims there is lack of motivation in both the teachers and students which is characterized by low expectations caused by what she termed as a complete lack of learning within the program (Duffy, 2013). Duffy highlights the plight of the disabled students and some concerned members of staff by putting her job on line when she condemns the way things are run at the school with regard to the Life Skills program. In a second article reporting on the same issue after about a week, Erin Duffy is able to learn the history of the institution with regard to education and students with disabilities. Duffy tells of the improving situation not only in Twilight/Daylight High School, but throughout the Trenton area with similar Life Skills programs. According to Duffy, this is being done by efforts from the district’s education Superintendent Francisco Duran who is coordinating visits to schools to assess the situation and formulate policies and instruction of improving the situation. These improvements will include training special education teachers and according to Duran, to broaden and expand life skill activities by increasing the activities for students with higher levels of disabilities (Duffy, 2013). According to Forston the whistle blower, the approval of resolutions by the school board to address this dire situation by investing more attention and funds is long overdue. This will go a long way in alleviating disabled children’s chances of making it out on their own after school. She recognizes earlier efforts by the district’s special services director Stuart Barudin, because the Life Skills p

Theory and Explanation in International Relations (Honours Component) Essay

Theory and Explanation in International Relations (Honours Component) - Essay Example Smith believes that the distinction between explanatory and constitutive theories is basic ontological difference that emerges out of the differing ways in which IR theorists see the social world. (p27) If one examines what this argument is saying, one could very well use the science/antiscience scheme wherein scholars are divided in the way they see the social world with one favoring the concept of a natural social world – something that is outside of our theories; while the other, stressing that such world is what we actually make it. Explanatory theorists explain the end of the Cold War in the context of the chain of events that that have transpired over time. Types of this theory such the positivists and the realists offer additional details to the fundamental position on the subject which include the attempt to locate the causal roles that are played by particular elements in the chosen object domain for future use or to predict future events and trends. What this means is that explanatory theory is all about making sense of what is given, based on the facts and about attempting to understand their modes of operation. (Cox 1981) A number of authors use this dimension to the theory to explain how they seem to solve problems. The idea is that explanatory theories are concerned with making the world work better â€Å"within clearly defined, and limited parameters.† (Dunne, Kurki & Smith 2007, p26) Otherwise, Morgenthau (1978) maintained that when theories are divorced from facts they became informed by pre judice and mere wishful thinking. (p4-29) On the other hand, constitutive theories follow an entirely different track in theorizing about the end of the Cold War. It does not dwell on the causal theories or the questions that ask the whys and hows. Instead, it is concerned with the â€Å"properties of things by reference to the structures in virtue of which they exist.† (Wendt 1998, p105) Because of this, theories that

HP computer systems organization

HP computer systems organization 1. Is this the time for HP-CSO to institute more changes? Based on the customer and sales audit it was identified that considerable opportunities existed in the area of Repurchase, replacement and expansion projects as well as the Innovation projects. But, there exist many challenges Customers were moving towards consolidating their supplier base increasing pricing pressure on HP 80% of the customer sales were initiated by the customer themselves Although HP was a preferred vendor, customers doubted its ability to deliver incase of Innovation projects With increasing demands on price and delivery terms, HP would find it difficult to meet customer needs due to the small sales force Sales force was spending significant amount of time doing things other than sales Sales force was having difficulty in converting sales opportunities in replacement and expansion projects Sales team was spending less time in the early stages of the sales cycle for Innovation projects Sales team lacked prioritization of opportunities Hence, it is critical for HP-CSO to make the right changes in the sales organization to capture opportunities in the high potential segments. How are selling instruments (HP traditional business) different from selling computer systems? Selling instruments can be viewed more like selling commodities. Selling instruments was engineering driven and marketing the product was on the basis of technological features. Selling computer systems involved marketing the product as solutions that could be highly customized to the customers needs to solve their issues. Why does HP treat its sales force as a cost center? What are the implications of such a structure? HP was grouped into three main divisions and each had its own sales force and others support departments and divisional business units. Divisional business units were measured as profit centers. HP allocated field personnel and capital expenditures among the divisions under the promise of additional profits. This type of mechanism ensured that sales force was kept as a cost center, responsible for revenues, field marketing and customer service. Such a structure resulted in two distinct cultures co-existing in HP. One centered in the product divisions focused on long-term profit objectives and the other in the field, on meeting short-term sales quotas. Sales force concentrated on achieving sales target without worrying about making profits and spending time in non-core activities. 3. Critically evaluate HP-CSOs approach to building relations with its Enterprise Customers HP reorganized its sales approach by providing greater autonomy to its divisions. CSO could draw on HPs resources while operating in a more entrepreneurial fashion. Freed from the constraint of a drawn-out approval process, CSO began to race to the market with new computers. By 1994, HPs business was growing at 40% annually against an industry growth of 5%. To capitalize on the new market position, sales force was re-organized and other dramatic changes were instituted in the manner in which CSO sold to customers. HP wanted to transform its salespeople from order takers into consultants. Advantages Sales reps were relieved of the unproductive tasks Centralized configuration support specialists enabled increase in the sales reps direct customer contact by 30-50% The domain specific approach enabled HP to focus and service large customers more effectively. Generate more sales through the specialized and competent sales force. Sales force was able to nurture the relationships developed over time with the enterprise customers. . Disadvantages Sales force was averse to change and didnt wanted to lose power over their regional fiefdoms Smaller customers resented being relegated to the channel partners or telephone reps. To transform salesperson from order takers to consultants required specifically designed training programs to de-emphasize on traditional focus on HP product capabilities and specification in favor of teaching salespeople how to evaluate customers circumstances and suggest ways that HP might improve them. Do you agree with the findings of two audits? Findings of the first audit are agreeable. However, the methodology adopted for the second audit is not convincing. The customer that was selected for the audit was the largest with whom HP had good relationship, HP was strong in the industry selected and the study chose only one region that HP was good in. This leads to an audit that encompasses a perfect customer, industry and region. The finding might not apply across all customers, industry and regions giving an obscure audit. What about the consultants recommendations? The recommendations provide deep insights into the strong and weak links in the sales strategy of HP-CSO The recommendations of the consultant seem very broad based and not properly structured The consultant hasnt provided an action roadmap based on his recommendations. How is this approach different from the current approach to managing enterprise customers? The approach of entering downstream and slowly making inroads upstream will face a lot barriers put up by competitors. The new approach would require re-training the sales force considerably. The effort and time involved in beating competition might be considerable. There is a high risk of failure and would require considerable time to bring in the change Comments on conclusions of audit The first audit conclusion is convincing, but the second audit conclusion is not detailed and devoid of an action plan. Recommendations Increase conversion rate in downstream and midstream segment Develop competence in midstream and upstream segment of the market to capture the high potential market share, instead of building the way through downstream Create a value proposition for the upstream market Eliminate the non productive tasks of sales reps and train them effectively

Dynamic Stability :: essays research papers

To keep up with today’s volatile marketplace, an organization should be able to adapt to its environment so that it is able to stay competitive. In order to accomplish the often times difficult task of continuous growth, in all its facets an organization has to plan and be prepared to change in the ever evolving business world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changes have been documented to have caused organization chaos, initiative overload and in some instances, complete collapse of organizational structure. One option to overcome the uncertainty of organizational changes is to develop a plan that implements the concept of Dynamic Stability. Dynamic stability could be defined as continual but relatively small change efforts that involve reconfiguration of existing practices and business models rather than inventing new ones. An organization will be able to achieve dynamic stability more easily through establishing the concept of tinkering, kludging and pacing. The practice of tinkering involves finding new applications for your products, or accumulating all your untapped resources to develop new products. Tinkering is often quicker and less of a financial burden than kludging. Kludging is basically tinkering but on a larger scale and often involves the combination of external and internal resources. Thus, it is often a financial drain to the organization as it involves tremendous effort and time. As for pacing, it is the concept of timing changes at the most critical intervals in order to prevent destabilization of the organization. Although pacing will not lead to any direct financial burden, it is crucial as it could make or break an organization. Some of the most successful adopters of dynamic stability stress the importance of four operating guidelines; rewarding shameless borrowing, appointing a chief memory officer, tinkering and kludging internally first, and finally hiring generalist. First, rewarding shameless borrowing exemplifies the concept of imitating before innovating in order to reduce the time and cost of organizational change. Second, appointing a chief memory officer provides the organization with a historical journal of an organization’s activities in order to prevent past mistakes from occurring again. Another important operational guideline would be to tinker and kludge internally before outsourcing to increase the control of dynamic stability.

Example of speech text Essay

With all due respect to the English teacher ,and all my friends in this class,†¦Good Morning!!! In this chance, I would like to tell you my speech that has the theme â€Å"Using Internet make us healthy and productive!† Internet is not sounds familiar, especially among students now. That because Internet is very useful in the learning. But, not just for learning internet could give all of want. Not only that, using internet could make us healthy anf productive. Why should I say internet could make us healthy? According to a reality, now in the internet had already a lot of entertainment sites, like games. Not only that, internet also provides how to perform a variety of health programs, from variety specialists of health. And not a few people who successfully live with program of healthy living with resources from the internet. Using information from the internet can be done by anyone, without need to pay an expensive, then such as consultations with health professionals. Next, internet also could make us productive. It because in internet available a variety ways to make different products, starting from simple unti rather difficult to do. People could get productive by utilizing information from using internet. Provided there is a desire we could successful is to easy, using much information, especially from the internet that available so much information. So, if we already know that by using the internet could make us healthy, and produktive. Let us use the internet .Of course for purposes that are positive. Because the internet will be good or bad depending on how and to what the Internet was used. Just that could I to say, thankyou for your attention and Good Morning !!! (Source : http://bellapelajar.blogspot.com/2012/06/example-of-speech-text.html)a

Celsius Temperature Scale Definition

The Celsius temperature scale is a common System Internationale (SI) temperature scale (the official scale is Kelvin). The Celsius scale is based on a derived unit defined by assigning the temperatures of 0 °C and 100 °C to the freezing and boiling points of water, respectively, at 1 atm pressure. More precisely, the Celsius scale is defined by absolute zero and the triple point of pure water. This definition allows easy conversion between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, such that absolute zero is defined to be precisely 0 K and  Ã¢Ë†â€™273.15  Ã‚ °C. The triple point of water is defined to be  273.16  K (0.01  Ã‚ °C; 32.02  Ã‚ °F). The interval between one degree Celsius and one Kelvin are exactly the same. Note the degree is not used in the Kelvin scale because it is an absolute scale. The Celsius scale is named in honor of Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer who devised a similar temperature scale. Before 1948, when the scale was re-named Celsius, it was known as the centigrade scale. However, the terms Celsius and centigrade dont mean precisely the same thing. A centigrade scale is one which has 100 steps, such as the degree units between freezing and boiling of water. The Celsius scale is thus an example of a centigrade scale. The Kelvin scale is another centigrade scale. Also Known As: Celsius scale, centigrade scale Common Misspellings: Celcius scale Interval Versus Ratio Temperature Scales Celsius temperatures follow a relative scale or interval system rather than an absolute scale or ratio system. Examples of ratio scales include those used to measure distance or mass. If you double the value of mass (e.g., 10 kg to 20 kg), you know the doubled quantity contains twice the amount of matter and that the change in the amount of matter from 10 to 20 kg is the same as from 50 to 60 kg. The Celsius scale does not work this way with heat energy. The difference between  10  Ã‚ °C and 20  Ã‚ °C  and that between  20  Ã‚ °C and 30  Ã‚ °C  is 10 degrees, but a  20  Ã‚ °C temperature does not have twice the heat energy of a  10  Ã‚ °C temperature. Reversing the Scale One interesting fact about the Celsius scale is that Anders Celsius original scale was set to  run in the opposite direction. Originally the scale was devised so that water boiled at 0 degrees and ice melted at 100 degrees! Jean-Pierre Christin proposed the change. Proper Format for Recording a Celsius Measurement The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) states that a Celsius measurement should be recorded in the following manner: The number is placed before the degree symbol and unit. There should be a space between the number and the degree symbol. For example,  50.2  °C  is correct, while 50.2 °C or 50.2 °Ã‚  C are incorrect. Melting, Boiling, and Triple Point Technically, the modern Celsius scale is based on the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water and on absolute zero, meaning neither the melting point nor boiling point of water defines the scale. However, the difference between the formal definition and the common one is so small as to be insignificant in practical settings. There is only a 16.1 millikelvin difference between the boiling point of water, comparing the original and modern scales. To put this into perspective, moving 11 inches (28 cm) in altitude changes the boiling point of water one millikelvin.

The Challenges and Opportunities Facing HBCUs

Historically black colleges and universities, or HBCUs, encompass a wide range of institutions of higher learning. There are currently 101 HBCUs in the United States, and they range from two-year community colleges to research universities that grant doctoral degrees. Most of the schools were founded shortly after the Civil War in an effort to provide African Americans access to higher education. What Is a Historically Black College or University? HBCUs exist because of the United States history of exclusion, segregation, and racism. With the end of slavery following the Civil War, African American citizens faced numerous challenges gaining access to higher education. Financial barriers and admissions policies made attendance at many colleges and universities nearly impossible for the majority of African Americans. As a result, both federal legislation and the efforts of church organizations worked to create institutions of higher learning that would provide access to African American students. The great majority of HBCUs were founded between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the end of the 19th century. That said, Lincoln University (1854) and Cheyney University (1837), both in Pennsylvania, were established well before the end of slavery. Other HBCUs such as Norfolk State University (1935) and Xavier University of Louisiana (1915) were founded in the 20th century. The colleges and universities are called historically black because ever since the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, HBCUs have been open to all applicants and have worked to diversify their student bodies. While many HBCUs still have predominantly black student populations, others do not. For example, Bluefield State College is 86% white and just 8% black. Kentucky State Universitys student population is roughly half African American.  However, it is more common for an HBCU to have a student body that is well over 90% black. Examples of Historically Black Colleges and Universities HBCUs are as diverse as the students who attend them. Some are public while others are private. Some are small liberal arts colleges while others are large research universities. Some are secular, and some are affiliated with a church. Youll find HBCUs that have a majority white student population while most have large African American enrollments. Some HBCUs offer doctoral programs, while some are two-year schools offering associate degrees. Below are a few examples that capture the range of HBCUs: Simmons College of Kentucky is a tiny college of just 203 students with ties to the American Baptist Church. The student population is 100% African American.North Carolina AT is a relatively large public university with over 11,000 students. Along with robust bachelor degree programs ranging from the arts to engineering, the school also has numerous masters and doctoral programs.Lawson State Community College in Birmingham, Alabama, is a two-year community college offering certificate programs and associate degrees in areas such as engineering technology, health professions, and business.Xavier University of Louisiana  is a private Roman Catholic university with 3,000 students enrolled in bachelor, masters and doctoral programs.Tougaloo College in Mississippi is a private liberal arts college of 860 students. The college is affiliated with the United Church of Christ, although it describes itself as church-related but not church controlled. Challenges Facing Historically Black Colleges and Universities As a result of  affirmative action, civil rights legislation, and changing attitudes towards race, colleges, and universities across the United States are actively working to enroll qualified African American students. This access to educational opportunities across the country is obviously a good thing, but it has had consequences for HBCUs. Even though there are over 100 HBCUs in the country, less than 10% of all African American college students actually attend an HBCU. Some HBCUs are struggling to enroll enough students, and roughly 20 colleges have closed in the last 80 years. More are likely to close in the future because of enrollment declines and fiscal crises. Many HBCUs also face challenges with retention and persistence. The mission of many HBCUs—to provide access to higher education to populations that have historically been  underrepresented  and disadvantaged—creates its own hurdles. While it is clearly worthwhile and admirable to provide opportunities for students, the results can be discouraging when a significant percentage of matriculated students are ill-prepared to succeed in college-level coursework. Texas Southern University, for example, has just a 6% four-year graduation rate, Southern University in New Orleans has a 5% rate, and numbers in the low teens and single digits are not unusual. The Best HCBUs While the challenges facing many HCBUs are significant, some schools are flourishing. Spelman College  (a womens college) and Howard University tend to top the national rankings of HCBUs. Spelman, in fact, has the highest graduation rate of any Historically Black College, and it also tends to win high marks for social mobility. Howard is a prestigious research university that grants hundreds of doctoral degrees every year. Other notable Historically Black Colleges and Universities include Morehouse College (a mens college), Hampton University, Florida AM, Claflin University, and Tuskegee University. Youll find impressive academic programs and rich co-curricular opportunities at these schools, and youll also find that the overall value tends to be high.